A Criticism On A Migratory Animal Breeding Season...

A criticism on â€Å"Unravelling the annual cycle in a migratory animal: breeding-season habitat loss drives population declines of monarch butterfly† Introduction The hemispheric migration of wildlife is in widespread decline specifically in the Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus). This species is known for its long-distance migration from its non-breeding location in Mexico to the breeding sites encompassing the south, central, and north regions of eastern North America. The main context provided in the introduction is that for predicting future population viability, it is crucial we understand the impact of environmental and anthropogenic threats on the vital rates of the species at different times and locations in its annual cycle. Specifically, there could be different environmental threats at the non-breeding and breeding sites and how they could influence the population could vary depending on how sensitive certain insect stages are to these disturbances. Thus, understanding the spatiotemporal effects are crucial for modeling the dynamics of migratory species and for guiding conservation efforts. In addition to presenting the context for their research, the authors clearly outlined the issues that they will address. In the ecological context, the main issue involves how environmental factors at different times could affect the species’ abundance. Previous research agrees that anthropogenic effects such as urbanization and changes in land-use (i.e. agricultural

Consumer Buying Behavior of Hybrid Vehicles Free Essays

Table of Content Title2 1. 0Introduction2 1. 1Background of the Study2 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Buying Behavior of Hybrid Vehicles or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2Problem Statement2 1. 3Research Objectives3 1. 4Significance of the Study3 1. 5Scope of the Study4 2. 0Literature Review5 3. 0Research Methodology7 3. 1Theoretical Framework7 3. 2Generation of Hypothesis7 4. 0Conclusion8 Reference:9 Title Factors that affect consumer purchase decision of hybrid vehicles (Green Vehicles) in Malaysia. Introduction 1 Background of the Study With the air pollution level rising day by day caused by the emission from conventional vehicles, many government bodies have put in effort to enforce emission control policy since the late of 1960, and it is becoming strict with the EURO committee being the leader until today, where their emission policy and grading system being accepted or referenced worldwide even in Malaysia. The grading system based of emission cleanliness as of today is from Euro 1 to Euro 6, where Euro 1 being the worst emission standard and Euro 6 being the environmental friendly. This is the scene where most modern vehicles are fitted with catalytic converter since late 1975, a simple device that can reduce the harmful emission such as un-burn hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide by converting them into cleaner substances such as oxygen and hydrogen through chemical catalyst effect within (Tony Andrew, 2006). The effect of this is that the rise of the awareness of fuel efficiency, as many will further relate that if fuel efficiency can be increased, then the emission can be further improved, as well as to reduce wastage. Many automobile makers has since then began development of fuel efficient engine in order to make a stand, and consequently lead to the trend of Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV). 2 Problem Statement However, emission is only one environmental factor as there is other factor which bothers a driver financial aspect, the fuel and its prices. No matter the fuel is expensive and cheap, if one can travel further with a given set amount of fuel, then one can certainly save him/her some money (Tony Andrew, 2006). And back to the environmental area, fossil fuel is non-renewable energy resources and depletion is certainly inevitable. This is why in recent years, many western automobile makers started to look into building fuel efficient vehicles, by building fuel efficient engines through various ways, most notably by downsizing the engine displacement and compensate it with force induction such as low pressure turbocharger. The effect of this implementation is that using a smaller capacity engine but can achieve the power delivery of a high capacity engine, yet with lower fuel consumption. However back in the eastern automobile industry, where the Japanese being the leader they had something else in mind, not only they wanted fuel efficiency but at the same time they wished to maximize the go green concept. Henceforth they come up with the idea of hybrid vehicle, where in general terms a vehicle is powered by 2 sources of input, which is a normal internal combustion engine, supported by an additional electric motor which requires special battery pack. The advantages of this implementation is that the fuel consumption and emission is superior over the formal, while the drawback is the maintenance and cost of replacement for faulty battery pack is very expensive. With the hybrid being the hot trend now given the promising sales figures from European countries and the USA, generally the maintenance factor is not an issue for them, however in this research we need to find out the factors hat influence a buyer into considering, buying a hybrid vehicle over here in Malaysia, as the hybrid trend is still very new here in Malaysia, generally starting on the year of 2006 where Honda introduces Civic Hybrid. However with the recent tax exemption on hybrid vehicles from the Malaysia government, the trend seems to be changing positively and now we have several models from Honda and Toyota to offer in response to the policy. 3 Research Objectives a) What are the factors that influence consumer into considering a hybrid vehicle? b) What are the factors that support consumer into buying a hybrid vehicle? ) What are the factors that consumer worries about when purchasing a hybrid vehicle? 4 Significance of the Study This study into the factors that affect the buying decision of hybrid vehicles in Malaysia could project the trend and acceptance of hybrid vehicles here in Malaysia. With that information, local automobile makers can consider into developing our own hybrid vehicles to offer the local markets a broader choice, as well as to stay competitive in the market. Additionally, this will be a good catalyst to spark off â€Å"Go Green† concept into consumers’ mind that is beneficial to the restoration and perseverance of the environment. Scope of the Study In this research, we will first take a general look and introduction into both the low pressure force induction technology and the hybrid technology further then compare and contrast the pros and cons in detail. With both concept understood, we will begin to focus on the trend of hybrid vehicles here in Malaysia, finding out the factors that support or deter the acceptance of hybrid vehicle through questionnaire aimed at hybrid owners and potential hybrid owners, from then we can know what are the main factors and concern of buyer upon making a decision for a hybrid vehicle, and then onclude what can be done to further increase the acceptance level of hybrid vehicles. Literature Review According to Markel Simpson (2006), the implementation of hybrid electric vehicles can effectively reduce petroleum consumption up to 30% when compared to conventional vehicle, however a fully plug-in hybrid electric vehicle shall be undergo development to further improve the savings and reduce the wastage, as current hybrid electric vehicles uses electric motor powered by battery pack to assist the engine, which is costly when one needs to replace, and it did not provide much desired power. The manufacturer can of course put in a bigger battery pack to punch out better power and durability, but with every 15% of improvement the cost is nearly doubled. This issue is also mentioned before way back in year 2001, where the development of hybrid vehicles began with the aim in providing a superior fuel efficiency vehicles with minimal wastage and pollutants emitted, in prior to address two major problems (Allella et al, 2001): a) Consumption of fuel : World petroleum reserves and residues are unlikely able to sustain against the ever growing necessity of consumption b) Pollution : Generally referred to the harmful emission that can damage the environmental health The most common hybrid vehicle design is found within the famous Japanese automobile makers, respectively the Honda the Toyota. The idea is to fit an electric motor powered by a battery pack that will recharge itself using the lost energy during the braking procedure, to assist a smaller capacity conventional engine in acceleration. With the motor assistant, the engine need not work and rev up that hard to get the vehicle moving therefore fuel consumption can be lowered. When certain conditions are met, the vehicles may also run solely on the electric motor itself most probably during low speed cruising. Putting the vehicle design aside, as stated by Kuo Wang (2011), the disciplinary in driving, as well as the climate is major factor in reducing fuel consumption. Kuo Wang pointed out that in countries that have tropical climate, such as those near to the equator, tend to have higher fuel consumption index compared to other countries with 4 seasons climate, this is mainly due to the fact that fuel burns better and more efficient when the air temperature is colder, as colder air is more dense and henceforth carries more oxygen molecules. Other than that, since the temperature is generally high throughout the year for tropical climate countries, drivers tend to switch on the air-conditioner (A/C) most of the time to withstand the hot weather, and A/C draws power from the engine to power up the compressor and cooling coil, therefore it results in loss of power from engine and leads to higher fuel consumption. On the disciplinary side, traveling below or way above the optimum speed of a vehicle, usually around 90KM/H to 110KM/H will affect the fuel consumption, where most drivers tend to speed when the chances arise. One should also try to plan their traveling route ahead, in order to avoid unnecessary traffic congestion which can result in poor fuel consumption, as start-stop driving proven to have 60% increased fuel consumption compared to smooth non-stop driving. This is generally experienced by most drivers that they can achieve better mileage if they travel on the highway often. Research Methodology 1 Theoretical Framework [pic] 2 Generation of Hypothesis Assume that ) H0 = Null Hypothesis (No relationship between IV DV) b) H1 = Alternative Hypothesis (Significant relationship between IV DV) |H1 |H0 – There is no relationship between maintenance and purchase decision of hybrid vehicles. | | |H1 – There is significant relationship between maintenance and purchase decision of hybrid vehicles. | |H2 |H0 – There is no relationship between fuel consumption and purchase decision of hybrid vehicles. | |H1 – There is significant relationship between fuel consumption and purchase decision of hybrid vehicles. | |H3 |H0 – There is no relationship between tax exemption and purchase decision of hybrid vehicles. | | |H1 – There is significant relationship between tax exemption and purchase decision of hybrid vehicles. | |H4 |H0 – There is no relationship between personal view and purchase decision of hybrid vehicles. | | |H1 – There is significant relationship between personal view and purchase decision of hybrid vehicles. Conclusion In conclusion, no matter it is partial hybrid or fully plug-in hybrid, the main objectives are to prolong the sustainability of petroleum through improved fuel consumption. By going green, the hybrid technology can also help in reducing wastage and guarantee cleaner emission that can contribute to better environmental health and quality. Therefore with all the benefits and savings, we should try to adopt and embrace the implementation of hybrid vehicles. However, there is still room for improveme nt given the hybrid technology is still new within a decade of time. Government should come out with policy that can help greatly in promoting the adaptation of this green technology. Reference: 1) Allella et al, (2001), Negative Log-gamma Distribution for Data Uncertainty Modeling in Reliability Analysis of Complex System Methodology and Robustness, International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, Vol. 18, Napoli, Italy. 2) Allela et al, (2005), Optimal Reliability Allocation Under Uncertain Conditions With Application to Hybrid Vehicle Design [Online], International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, Vol. 22, Napoli, Italy. Available from (www. meraldinsight. com/0265-671X. htm) [Accessed June 6 2011] 3) Apaydin O. Gonullu MT, (2008), Emission Control With Route Optimization In Solid Waste Collection Process, Vol. 33, Sadhana. 4) Davis S. Diegel S, (2004), Transportation Energy Databook, 24th Edition. 5) Duval M, (2004), Advanced Batteries for Electric Drive Vehicles, EPRI. 6) Hirsch et al, (2005), Peaking of World Oil Prod uction: Impracts, Risks, and Mitigation. 7) Kuo Y. Wang CC, (2011), Optimizing the VRP by Minimizing Fuel Consumption [Online], International Journal of Management of Environmental Quality, Vol. 2. Available from (www. emeraldinsight. com/1477-7835. htm) [Accessed 8 June 2011] 8) Markel T. Simpson A, (2005), Energy Storage Considerations for Grid-Charged Hybrid Electric Vehicles, IEEE Vehicular Technologies Conference, Chicago, IL. 9) Markel T. Simpson A, (2006), Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage System Design [Online], National Renewable Energy Laboratory, available from (http://www. nrel. gov/vehiclesandfuels/vsa/pdfs/39614. pdf) [Accessed 8 June 2011] How to cite Consumer Buying Behavior of Hybrid Vehicles, Papers

Affirmative Action Essay Research Paper Politics is free essay sample

Affirmative Action Essay, Research Paper Politicss is presuming bid of the American economic system in the signifier of permeant # 8220 ; equal chance # 8221 ; enforcement. In today # 8217 ; s society, everyone is supposed to be equal and have equal rights, but in employment, there is more favoritism than of all time. American citizens need to make away with affirmatory action so that America # 8217 ; s occupation chances can one time once more be based on virtue, non skin colour or ethnicity. Laws have been passed, quotas have been established, and apparently, everything has been done to forestall favoritism, but instead than stoping favoritism, these new Torahs and quotas have begun to know apart against a new group of people? the qualified white male. America is known as the land of chance. The general theory is that if you work hard plenty and you are the most qualified individual to have a occupation, you get it, but that is no longer the instance. Now, in order to be employed, makings do non ever matter every bit much as the colour of a individual # 8217 ; s tegument or his ethnicity. In covering with this topic, the first inquiry that is ever asked is, # 8220 ; What is incorrect with quotas? What is incorrect with companies engaging a assortment of inkinesss, Hispanics, adult females, and white males? # 8221 ; ( ? Counting Costss? p. 18 ) The job is non with engaging a assortment of people from different cultural groups. The job begins when the individual who is best qualified for a occupation, loses the place to person less qualified. More and more, white males are holding jobs happening occupations because they are non black or Latino or do non hold chests. Affirmative action, which is action in the signifier of quotas and particular intervention for protected categories, has resulted in a politicized hiring procedure in which white males are openly discriminated against. A 1984 canvass found that one in every 10 white males lost a publicity because of quotas. ( Glatris p. 44 ) They have become unseeable victims because the thought of virtue hiring has been s ubverted by politicized hiring, and that has left the white males no manner to support themselves against this unfastened favoritism. Some have tried to support themselves, but judicial proceeding proved expensive, wash uping, chancy, and vastly clip devouring. One instance remains unsettled after more than six old ages in judicial proceeding. ( Brimelow, 76-77 ) Many voices say that quotas are used to compensate the past wrongs when so many minority groups were discriminated against, but even immigrants, if they belong to one of the protected categories are eligible for quota penchants. Leslie Spencer and Peter Brimelow, sociological research workers who have exhaustively researched the quota system, said that since immigrants can besides have quota penchants, it is # 8220 ; a reasonably clear indicant that quotas are non about compensating yesteryear incorrect, but approximately political power # 8221 ; . ( Merit p. 80-83 ) Just as socialism has collapsed around the Earth, the taking capitalist power has adapted a peculiarly American signifier of Neosocialism seting political relations and attorneies in bid of its workplace albeit on the stalking-horse of equality instead than efficiency. This job is merely going worse because America has the most far making equal employment Torahs found anyplace in the universe. ( # 8221 ; Counting Cost ss? ) Many companies are afraid of these Torahs, and the fright of political penalty makes quotas really hard to research. A Kmart executive told a research worker, # 8220 ; We # 8217 ; re non allowing you anyplace near our program. # 8221 ; ( Brimelow 77 ) Companies go beyond what is required merely to avoid legal problem. The director of corporate employment position at Xerox, a company that uses quotas, provinces, # 8220 ; We have a procedure that we call # 8216 ; balanced work force # 8217 ; . In Xerox, everyone understands that, and it is mensurable by its ends and comparative Numberss. That is the difficult concern, that is what people do non like to cover with, but we do it all the time. # 8221 ; ( Brimelow and Spencer n. pag. ) Sears, Roebuck and Co. spent 15 old ages and twenty million dollars to get the better of an EECO favoritism suit. Sears prevailed chiefly because they were able to demo cogent evidence of a voluntary quota plan. Many companies cleaving to plans such a s these as a hereafter defence in tribunal even if it means seting up with some unqualified or unqualified workers. ( Brimelow 77 ) Not merely is affirmatory action aching white males, it is besides doing jobs among the protected categories that it is supposed to be assisting. Many of these people feel that it is an abuse that the authorities thinks they need particular aid to vie in the occupation market. Yet others would be highly pained if this aid was taken off from them. Black Police Chief Clarence Harmon was one time in favour of affirmatory action until he realized the affect that it has on his race. He has said that when he was traveling through school, he enjoyed viing and maintaining up with his white opposite numbers, but he now realizes that many times in the constabulary academy black pupils use affirmatory action as a crutch. Black pupils have been found to hit lower on trials than white pupils. Harmon believes that this is because they do non believe that they have to work every bit difficult which produces less qualified black officers. ( Glastris 43 ) Karl Marx insisted that for any kind of category consciousness to originate, there must be com-munication of a common sense of subjugation, but no 1 can experience this sense of subjugation. With the mass media seldom acknowledging quotas, much less portraying white males sympathetically, Peter Lynch, a sociological research worker, states # 8220 ; White males have been easy and mutely victimized one by one. # 8221 ; ( qtd. in Brimelow ) With neither conservativists nor progressives doing affirmatory action a # 8220 ; large trade, # 8221 ; a authoritative spiral of silence has occurred whereby people assume that their uncertainties are non shared and stamp down them, therefore reciprocally intimidating each other. Peoples are left feeling that cipher will assist them. Another job with this is the male psychological science that # 8220 ; existent work forces don # 8217 ; t call # 8221 ; . Many work forces would instead set up with the injury than to even state their friends and relations. ( Brimelow 76 ) Most people realize that quotas do hurt people, but what most people do non recognize is that quotas are illegal. The 1964 and 1991 Civil Rights Acts explicitly banned authorities imposed quotas, but however, they instantly spread though the economic system. Even though quotas are going more and more popular, there is unbelievable denial. Some say that affirmatory action, while a regulative load, is non monolithic in graduated table. Supporters of affirmatory action insist that the 1991 Civil Rights Act did non enforce quotas, although its cardinal point was to overrule a Supreme Court determination and do work force racial instability Prima facie grounds of employer favoritism. ( Spencer and Brimelow. P, 85 ) California Democratic Representative Don Edwards, who is a mouthpiece of the civil rights constitution, claimed on the New York Times sentiment page that quotas did non be. This was said within three hebdomads of Supreme Court opinions about them. Equally much as people deny quotas and deny widespread affirmatory action, the facts remain that it is still there and still harmful. ( Brimelow 76 ) Another manner that quotas and affirmatory action are really harmful is that they are really expensive. In 1991, the direct and indirect cost of quotas, of enforcing them and following with them, amounted to between 112 and 115 billion dollars. The # 8220 ; chance cost # 8221 ; , which is what the economic system might hold achieved without the monolithic affect of quotas, amounted to at least 4 % of the 1991 Gross National Product, an sum equal to the sum spent on public schools. ( Spencer and Brimelow, p. 85 ) The disclosure of these figures is needed to demo the dangers of a politically motivated employment policy. Affirmative action hurts everyone? white males, their married womans, their households, the protected categories, and every other American citizen by aching the economic system. Affirmative action demands to be done off with, so we can return America to the great state that she one time was. Peoples one time came to America to be free to work hard to go qualified for a occupation. Will people now come because their tegument colour will assist them have a occupation? Martin Luther King said that he would wish to see the twenty-four hours when his kids are non judged because of their colour, but because of the content of their character. ( Brimelow 76 ) Every clip affirmatory action is put into usage, our state is taking another measure off from that worthy end. Brimelow, Peter. # 8220 ; Spiral of Silence. # 8221 ; Forbes 25 May 1992: 76-77. Brimelow, Peter and Spencer, Leslie. # 8220 ; When Quotas Replace Merit, Everybody Suffers. # 8221 ; Forbes. 15 February 1993: 80-89. # 8220 ; Counting Costs. # 8221 ; Editorial. National Review 15 February 1993: 18. Glastris, Paul. # 8220 ; Black and Blue. # 8221 ; U.S. News and World Report. 13 February 1995: 43-46. This a paper about affirmatory action, how the jurisprudence hurts the white male.

Applicability of Visualization and RFID Technology -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theApplicability of Visualization and RFID Technology. Answer: Introduction to Work context The work scenario is that in my organization different individuals and units perform several functions independently. Each work station is served with a computer and one server. The company is to provide each workstation with integrative linkage to facilitate communication. The information technology infrastructure provides a chance of using a multiple different service system. The Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags network system helps to come up with different service systems. Huang et.al (2014, p.497) defines RFID as a technology using radio waves in identifying of signals, and virtualization as a technical architecture that links different resources into one single environment. Both visualization and RFID technologies are important. The visualization system is useful because it reduces physical readers and operational costs when using information technology systems. The RFID is useful in business in tracking and identification of network infrastructures signals. Technology applicability The virtualization of RFID tag network system is useful in business because it provides social infrastructure like the internet. Example is the global internet network architecture that uses RFID visualized tag network system (Huang et.al. 2014, p.490). The use of RFID visualized tag network system purpose is to allow multiple service systems users to share the same infrastructure. Technologies in the world are creating are virtual networks or systems are compatible to devices and RFID tag network system (Al-Kassab et.al. 2014, p.420). Visualization is used to create virtual network address in combination with RFID infrastructure which is used to create service center location. Al-Kassab et.al (2014, p.495) explains further that business use service engines to obtained information and creating social network systems with the aid of the two technologies. Reference Lists Al-Kassab, J., Quertani, Z and Neely, A 2014, visualization and support management decisions models, Journal of information technology decision making, 13 (02), pp. 407-428 Huang, W., Ding, C., Wang,S., Jing, X and Zhang, Z 2014, RFID indoor visualization positioning data, International conference systems and informatics, (pp.497-504), IEEE.

How To Use A Free Cloning Persuasive Essay Sample

How To Use A Free Cloning Persuasive Essay SampleOne of the best ways to use a free cloning persuasive essay sample is to find out whether your essay is to be submitted online. There are very many websites on the Internet that allow people to submit their own essays, and many of these sites are written by trained writers who know how to edit, format their material for maximum effect. Many of these websites have very good guidelines that outline the type of essay that is accepted and what other online writers should include in their essays.As many people don't want to put effort into writing their essays and submitting them online, they often choose to work with these article submission sites to get their essays submitted and accepted by other online writers. Most of these companies give the same advantage as a writer would to have their own resource box on the website, which could include your name, email address and website URL.If you wish to make use of a free cloning persuasive es say sample to increase your online writing, then your first step is to find out if your essay is to be submitted online. You can find out this information from the article submission site, and once this has been confirmed, you can proceed to the writing stage. Since most writers will never look at the information that is provided in the resource box provided by these websites, they can work on your essay without ever knowing that they have already been cloned.The good news is that writing online is very simple and can be made even easier if you use a cloner. In fact, some sites offer guides on how to create a cloner as well as tutorials for writers who want to create their own cloner. However, it is up to you to determine which method is best for you.The other reason why you might want to use a free cloning persuasive essay sample is that you do not want to waste your time submitting your essay online. These techniques are very effective and very easy to use. As such, you won't have to put too much of your time into writing your essay to send it off.If you do decide to use a free cloning persuasive essay sample, you will be able to become very familiar with these methods, and you will be able to develop your own unique approach to writing your essays. If you want to know more about how you can develop your own writing techniques, you may find that an online writing course can offer you tips that can help you master these techniques. This will help you use a cloner to achieve the desired effect, which in turn will also increase your chances of getting your essays accepted online.In conclusion, it is important to know whether your essay is to be submitted online before you use a free cloning persuasive essay sample. Once you know this, you will be able to effectively use these online writing techniques to help your essay succeed.

Chapter 34 From Post Modernism and Beyond - Art o Essays

Chapter 34: From Post Modernism and Beyond - Art of the Later 20th Century World War II, with the global devastation it unleashed, psychological, political, physical, and economic, set the stage for the second half of the 20th century. The dropping of the bomb on Japan signaled a turning point. As a result the rest of the 20th century has been one of upheaval, change, and conflict. The constant presence of conflict throughout the world in the later 20th century resulted in wide spread disruption and dislocation. The Hindu Muslim conflict that resulted when the British left India in 1947, the Israeli Arab conflict, the Communist rise to power in China after a momentous war, the conflict in Korea, the brutal spread of Communism through much violence, Vietnam, the Cold War between the US and Russia, the conflicts in Africa and Central and South America, and the rise of radical Islam, all characterize these troubles. These great events had tremendous effect on the world. The US was less affected when compared to Europe, but was still not immune. In the post war years, Americans began to question the status quo. There was the rise of the counterculture in the late 50's, the 60's, 70's, 80's, 90's, through today. The resistance to established authority, power structures, and the traditional family, was characterized by rebellion and the rejection of racism and sexism. The Dynamics of Power The central issue that fueled these changes was power. Individual groups, such as feminists, various ethnic groups, gay and lesbians, and others have sought recognition, respect and legal protection through political and legal action. These groups today have a powerful influence in the educational institutions, political institutions, and in media. As a result of this concern for the dynamics of power, identity (both individual and group), has emerged as a potent arena for discussion and action. This quest and struggle has fueled the content of much of the art of the late 20th and early 21st century. The Art World's Focus Shifts West The period's emphasis on change carried over into the art world. The relative economic stability of the United States was a major factor in the shifting center of Western art from Paris to New York. This helps to explain the predominance of American artists in the world art markets. Only in the closing decades of the twentieth century, with the rising interest in multiculturalism and global economies, have countries outside the United States begun to exhibit art more broadly. Modernism, Formalism, and Clement Greenberg Modernism, so integral to the art of the later 19th century, shifted course in conjunction with the changing historical conditions and demands, and in the post war years it became increasingly identified with strict formalism. Formalism is an emphasis on an artwork's visual elements rather than its subject - due largely to the prominence of the American Clement Greenberg (1909-1994). As an art critic who wielded considerable influence from the 1940's through the 1970's, Greenberg was instrumental in redefining the parameters of modernism. For Greenberg, late 20th century modernist artists were those who refined the critical stance of the late 19th and early 20th century modernists. This critical stance involved rejecting illusionism and exploring the properties of each artistic medium. So dominant was Greenberg that scholars often refer to the general modernist tenets during this period as Greenbergian Formalism. Though he modified his stance over the years, Greenberg retained certain basic concepts. In particular Greenberg promoted the idea of purity in art. He explained, "Purity in art consists of acceptance, willing acceptance, of the limitations of the medium of a specific art." I other words, he believed artists should strive for a more explicit focus on the properties exclusive to each medium - for example two dimensionality or flatness in painting, and three dimensionality in sculpture. To achieve this, artists had to eliminate illusion and embrace abstraction. Greenberg elaborated: "It follows that a modernist work of art must try, in principle, to avoid communication with any order of experience not inherent in the most literally and essentially construed nature of its medium. Among other things, this means renouncing illusionism and explicit subject matter. These arts are to achieve concreteness, "purity," by dealing solely with their respective selves - that is, by becoming "abstract" or nonfigurative." Greenberg avidly promoted the avant-garde, which he viewed as synonymous with modernism in the postwar years. Generally speaking, the spirit of rebellion and disdain for convention central to the historical avant-garde flourished in the social political upheaval and counterculture of the 1960's and 1970's. However the acute social political dimension inherent in the avant-garde's early development had

Quit as Predicate Adjective

Quit as Predicate Adjective Quit as Predicate Adjective Quit as Predicate Adjective By Maeve Maddox Does anyone else cringe at the use of quit in the commercial that says: 44% of †¦ users were quit during weeks 9 to 12 of treatment. The context screams for quit as a verb, not as a predicate adjective: 44% of users †¦ had quit after nine weeks. The OEDs entry for quit in predicative sense offers these illustrations: When the book was restored the borrower [was] declared quit. (1866) This charter confers the right of having one man quit from tallage in every royal borough. 1928 Ralph is not quit of his wartime melancholy. (1945) He is tired of Sophina. He wishes to be quit of her, but she cannot afford to leave him. (1997) The example from 1866 sounds a bit like legal jargon. The one from 1928 uses from where we might say of. Those from 1945 and 1997, which include the particle of, sound perfectly idiomatic. When starting to write this post, Id expected to argue that nobody uses quit with a being verb without the of, but Ive found many examples of the infinitive phrase to be quit, mostly in informal writing in comments and forums, and mostly in connection with beating the cigarette habit: I am grateful to be quit. It is 5 months and 3 weeks. But one thing I have not lost sight of:   How truly truly grateful I am to be desperate to be quit. Smoking was a [habit] that had to be quit. David Gelkin has it right – the idea quitting is always bad – is an idea that ought to be quit. But after hearing Ms. Rice’s description of Christianity, I’m thinking it deserves to be quit. Idiom is tricky. The statements with to be quit dont offend my ear the way that drug commercial does. Is it just me? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive AtUsed To vs. Use ToEpidemic vs. Pandemic vs. Endemic